Which of the following is NOT typically included in base rent?

Base rent typically encompasses the foundational cost associated with leasing property, which is primarily the amount agreed upon as the rent itself. This amount is a straightforward, fixed price that tenants pay to occupy the property and does not generally include additional operating costs or expenses.

Utilities, property taxes, and insurance are common examples of expenses that landlords may allocate beyond the base rent. Depending on lease agreements, utilities such as water, electricity, or heating could be considered variable expenses borne by the tenant, and they are usually not included in the base rent. Similarly, property taxes and insurance costs might be passed onto tenants, either as additional charges or included in a different form of rent calculation, often categorized separately as "additional rent."

Understanding these distinctions is essential for both landlords and tenants during lease negotiations and management. Base rent is the fundamental element of a lease agreement, while the other expenses mentioned, which are typically borne by the tenant, reflect the broader financial responsibilities associated with leasing a property.